michael jackson stamps

Jackson had a difficult relationship with his father. He said that he was physically and emotionally abused during incessant rehearsals, whippings, and name-calling, though he credited his father’s discipline for his success.In one altercation recalled by Marlon, Joseph held Michael upside down by one leg and “pummeled him over and over again with his hand, hitting him on his back and buttocks”.Joseph would also trip or push the boys into walls. One night while Jackson was asleep, Joseph climbed into his room through the bedroom window, wearing a fright mask and screaming. He said he wanted to teach the children not to leave the window open when they went to sleep. For years afterward, Jackson said he suffered nightmares about being kidnapped from his room. Joseph acknowledged in 2003 that he had whipped Jackson as a child

Jackson first spoke openly about his childhood abuse in an interview with Oprah Winfrey broadcast on February 10, 1993. He said that he had often cried from loneliness and would sometimes throw up when he saw his father. In an interview with Martin Bashir, aired on February 3, 2003 as Living with Michael Jackson, he covered his face with his hands and began crying when talking about his childhood abuse. He recalled that Joseph sat in a chair with a belt in his hand as he and his siblings rehearsed, and that “if you didn’t do it the right way, he would tear you up, really get you”.

He showed talent early in his life, performing in front of classmates during a Christmas recital at the age of five. In 1964, he and Marlon joined the Jackson Brothers—a band formed by brothers Jackie, Tito, and Jermaine—as backup musicians playing congas and tambourine. Jackson later began performing backup vocals and dancing; at the age of eight, he and Jermaine assumed lead vocals, and the group’s name was changed to The Jackson 5. The band toured the Midwest extensively from 1966 to 1968, frequently performing at a string of black clubs known as the “chitlin’ circuit”, where they often opened stripteases and other adult acts. In 1966, they won a major local talent show with renditions of Motown hits and James Brown’s “I Got You (I Feel Good)”, led by Michael.

The Jackson 5 recorded several songs, including “Big Boy”, for the local record label Steeltown in 1967, and signed with Motown Records in 1968.Rolling Stone magazine later described the young Michael as “a prodigy” with “overwhelming musical gifts,” writing that he “quickly emerged as the main draw and lead singer.”[11] The group set a chart record when its first four singles (“I Want You Back”, “ABC”, “The Love You Save,” and “I’ll Be There”) peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100. During The Jackson 5′s early years, Motown’s public relations team claimed that Jackson was nine years old, two years younger than he actually was, to make him appear cuter and more accessible to the general public.

Starting in 1972, Jackson released a total of four solo studio albums with Motown, among them Got to Be There and Ben, released as part of the Jackson 5 franchise, and producing successful singles such as “Got to Be There”, “Ben,” and a remake of Bobby Day’s “Rockin’ Robin”. The group’s sales began declining in 1973, and the band members chafed under Motown’s strict refusal to allow them creative control or input. Although they scored several top 40 hits, including the top 5 disco single “Dancing Machine” and the top 20 hit “I Am Love”, the Jackson 5 left Motown in 1975.

Child prodigy at 5 years

One of the few artists to have been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice, his achievements included multiple Guinness World Records—including the “Most Successful Entertainer of All Time”—13 Grammy Awards, 13 number one singles, and the sale of over 750 million records. He was also a notable philanthropist, donating millions of dollars to the 39 charities he supported, and raising more through his own Heal the World Foundation.

The seventh child of the Jackson family, he made his debut in 1968 as a member of The Jackson 5, beginning a solo career in 1971. His 1982 album Thriller remains the best-selling album of all time, with four others—Off the Wall (1979), Bad (1987), Dangerous (1991), and HIStory (1995)—among the best selling. He popularized several physically complicated dance moves, such as the robot and the moonwalk, now iconic. He is widely credited with having transformed the music video from a promotional tool into an art form, with videos such as Thriller, “Beat It” and “Billie Jean” making him the first African American to amass a strong crossover following on MTV, and others, such as “Black or White” and “Scream”, ensuring his popularity well into the 1990s.

Jackson’s personal life generated significant controversy. His changing appearance was noticed from the early 1980s, his skin appearing paler and his facial features becoming almost androgynous. He was accused in 1993 of child sexual abuse, and though no charges were brought, his health suffered when he started using painkillers to cope with the stress. He married twice, first in 1994 and again in 1996, and brought up three children, one of them with a surrogate mother, actions that triggered more speculation about his life. In 2005, he was tried and acquitted of different child molestation allegations, which provoked a further decline in his health. Jackson died at the age of 50 on June 25, 2009, in Los Angeles, after suffering a cardiac arrest. His memorial service was broadcast live around the world, watched by millions of people.

michael jackson's neverland ranch

Devi, Shiva’s variously named consort, is alluded to have performed dance in her manifestations as Kali – Mahakali or Shamshana-Kali, and Bhairavi. Devi had many other forms, each representing a particular ‘bhava’. So did ten Mahavidyas and ‘Saptamatrikas’. Each of such forms was modeled using the dance-mode in which its characteristic ‘bhava’ transpired. Thus, in modeling Devi’s other forms, too, a similar dance-iconography was used.

Vaishnavite tradition

The dance style performed by Sri Krishna and 107 gopi’s in Vrindavan is called rasa-lila, and is considered as a form of devotional dance.

the ancient classical or temple dance

According to Tamil tradition, the old Chola country comprised the region that includes the modern-day Tiruchirapalli District and the Thanjavur District in Tamil Nadu. The river Kaveri and its tributaries dominate this landscape of generally flat country that gradually slopes towards the sea, unbroken by major hills or valleys. The river Kaveri, also known as Ponni (golden) river, had a special place in the culture of Cholas. The annual floods in the Kaveri marked an occasion for celebration, Adiperukku, in which the whole nation took part.

Kaverippattinam on the coast near the Kaveri delta was a major port town. Ptolemy knew of this and the other port town of Nagappattinam as the most important centres of Cholas.These two towns became hubs of trade and commerce and attracted many religious faiths, including Buddhism.Roman ships found their way into these ports. Roman coins dating from the early centuries of the common era have been found near the Kaveri delta.

The other major towns were Thanjavur, Uraiyur and Kudanthai, now known as Kumbakonam. After Rajendra Chola moved his capital to Gangaikonda Cholapuram, Thanjavur lost its importance.The later Chola kings moved around their capitals frequently and made cities such as Chidambaram, Madurai and Kanchipuram their regional capitals.

Nature of government
In the age of the Cholas, the whole of South India was, for the first time, brought under a single government, when a serious attempt was made to face and solve the problems of public administration. The Cholas’ system of government was monarchical, as in the Sangam age. However, there was little in common between the local chiefdoms of the earlier time and the imperial-like states of Rajaraja Chola and his successors.

The Chola Empire comprised the entire south Indian peninsula,DURING 9-1150 AD extending east to west from coast to coast, and bounded to the north by an irregular line along the Tungabhadra river and the Vengi frontier. Although Vengi had a separate political existence, it was closely connected to the Chola Empire and, for all practical purposes, the Chola dominion extended up to the banks of the Godavari river.Tanjavur, and later, Gangaikonda Cholapuram were the imperial capitals. However both Kanchipuram and Madurai were considered to be regional capitals, in which occasional courts were held. The king was the supreme commander and a benevolent dictator. His administrative role consisted of issuing oral commands to responsible officers when representations were made to him. A powerful bureaucracy assisted the king in the tasks of administration and in executing his orders. Due to the lack of a legislature or a legislative system in the modern sense, the fairness of king’s orders dependent on the goodness of the man and in his belief in Dharma—a sense of fairness and justice.

The Chola kings built temples and endowed them with great wealth.[8][98] The temples acted not only as places of worship but also as centres of economic activity, benefiting their entire community.

Local government

Every village was a self-governing unit. A number of villages constituted a larger entity known as a Kurram, Nadu or Kottram, depending on the area. A number of Kurrams constituted a valanadu. These structures underwent constant change and refinement throughout the Chola period

Justice was mostly a local matter in the Chola Empire; minor disputes were settled at the village level.Punishment for minor crimes were in the form of fines or a direction for the offender to donate to some charitable endowment. Even crimes such as manslaughter or murder were punished with fines. Crimes of the state, such as treason, were heard and decided by the king himself; the typical punishment in these cases was either execution or the confiscation of property.

The Cholas were at the height of their power continuously from the later half of the 9th century till the beginning of the 13th centuries. Under Rajaraja Chola I and his son Rajendra Chola I, the dynasty became a military, economic and cultural power in Asia.During the period 1010–1200, the Chola territories stretched from the islands of the Maldives in the south to as far north as the banks of the Godavari River in Andhra Pradesh. Rajaraja Chola conquered peninsular South India, annexed parts of what is now Sri Lanka and occupied the islands of the Maldives. Rajendra Chola sent a victorious expedition to North India that touched the river Ganga and defeated the Pala ruler of Pataliputra, Mahipala. He also successfully invaded kingdoms of the Malay Archipelago as well as expanding the empire from coastal Burma to Vietnam.

The Chola tottered at the beginning of the thirteenth century and vanished with the rise of the Pandyas and the Hoysala.

The Cholas left a lasting legacy. Their patronage of Tamil literature and their zeal in building temples have resulted in some great works of Tamil literature and architecture.

cholas who conquered many nations

The Chola kings were avid builders and envisioned the temples in their kingdoms not only as places of worship but also as centres of economic activity.They pioneered a centralised form of government and established a disciplined bureaucracy.

Constantius made a concerted effort to promote Christianity

Constantius II of the Roman Empire Constantius II coin, celebrating his 15th year of reign. Reign 1) Caesar under his father
full co-emperor 337 – November 3, 361 with Constans and Constantine II (and in competition with others) Obv. D N CONSTANTIVS IVN NOB C Dr. bust  Mno 15
Rev. Soldier spearing fallen horseman Full name Flavius Julius Constantius Born 7 August 317(317-08-07) Birthplace Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia) Died 3 November 361 (aged 44) Place of death Tarsus in Cilicia Predecessor Constantine the Great Successor Julian Wives Daughter of Julius Constantius,Eusebia,Faustina Offspring by 3)Flavia Maxima Constantia, who later married Gratian Dynasty Constantinian Father Constantine I Mother FaustaHe married three times, first to a Daughter of Julius Constantius, then to Eusebia, and last to Faustina, who gave birth to a posthumous daughter called Constantia, who later married Emperor Gratian,Constantius II led the massacre of his relatives descended from the second marriage of his grandfather Constantius Chlorus and Theodora. 2d]Constantius died from a fever near Tarsus on October 5th, 361, and Julian was proclaimed Augustus throughout the Roman Empire. Many of his ministers were put to trial at the Chalcedon tribunal.Constantius took an active part in the affairs of the Christian church — convening one council at Rimini and its twin at Seleuca, which met in 359 and 360. “Unfortunately the theologians whose advice he took were ultimately discredited .Jones also notes that Constantius “appears in the pages of Ammianus as a conscientious emperor but a vain and stupid man, an easy prey to flatterers. He was timid and suspicious, Nobles could easily play on his fears for their own advantage. Ammianus also notes that Constantius II repeatedly murdered Roman aristocrats on doubt of revolt, including killing one because he had a dream about him, and another because he had a purple tablecloth which might have been fashioned into the robe of an Emperor this half T is rare in greek script  reverse FEL TEMP REPARATIO, soldier spearing fallen horseman,   G = this sign rare

standing  both soldiers is very rare type uncatologued RareConstantius seems to have had a particular interest in the religious state of the Roman Empire. As a Christian Roman Emperor, Constantius made a concerted effort to promote Christianity at the expense of Roman polytheism  As such, over the course of his reign, he issued a number of different edicts designed specifically to carry out this agenda  Constantius also took an active part in attempting to shape the Christian church.

Constantius made a concerted effort to promote Christianity

Constantius made a concerted effort to promote Christianity

Gratian prohibited Pagan worship at Rome; refused to wear the insignia of the pontifex maximus as unbefitting a Christian; removed the Altar of Victory from the Senate House at Rome, despite protests of the pagan members of the Senate, and confiscated its revenues; forbade legacies of real property to the Vestals; and abolished other privileges belonging to them and to the pontiffs.Gratian also published an edict [as ASOKA]that all their subjects should profess the faith of the bishops of Rome and Alexandria (i.e., the Nicene faith). The move was mainly thrust at the various beliefs that had arisen out of Arianism, but smaller dissident sects, such as the Macedonians, were also prohibited

Gratianus He favoured the Christian religion

Emperor of the Roman Empire A coin of Gratian. The legend shows Gratian’s titles, D N GRATIANVS P F AVG, Dominus Noster Gratianus Pius Felix Augustus, “Our Lord Gratian, Pious and Serene Augustus Reign 4 August 367 – 17 November 375 (Augustus under his father; 17 November 375 -August 25, 383 (nominally co-Augustus in the West with Valentinian II, effectively senior emperor in the west) Full name Flavius Gratianus (from birth to accession); Flavius Gratianus Augustus (as emperor) Born April 18/May 23, 359 Birthplace Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia) Died August 25, 383 Place of death Lyon Predecessor Valentinian I Successor Magnus Maximus / Valentinian II Wives Flavia Maxima Constantia Laeta Dynasty Valentinian Father Valentinian I Mother Marina Severa

Coat of arms of Byzantine empire

Flag_of_PalaeologusEmperor

CUP SHAPE COIN of BYZANTINE RULERS

CUP SHAPE COIN of BYZANTINE RULERS BACK

The Byzantine Empire or Eastern Roman Empire, known to its inhabitants as the Roman Empire, the Empire of the Romans (Greek: Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn) and also as Romania (Ῥωμανία, Rhōmanía), was the continuation of the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered on its capital of Constantinople, and ruled by Emperors in direct succession to the ancient Roman Emperors. The Empire preserved Romano-Hellenistic traditions, but due to the increasing predominance of the Greek language,[6] it became known to most of its western and northern contemporaries, but also to the Armenians, usually as the Empire of the Greeks. In the Islamic world it was known primarily as روم (Rûm “Rome”).The term “Byzantine Empire” was popularized by historians during the 16th–19th centuries.

The Eastern Roman Empire’s evolution from the ancient Roman Empire is sometimes dated from Emperor Constantine I’s transfer of the capital from Nicomedia (in Anatolia) to Byzantium on the Bosphorus, which became Constantinople (alternatively “New Rome”). By the 7th century, increased eastern cultural influences, reforms by Emperor Heraclius, and the adoption of Greek as the official language, distinguished the later Roman character from its ancient character.

During its thousand-year existence the Empire remained one of the most powerful economic, cultural, and military forces in Europe, despite setbacks and territorial losses, especially during the Roman–Persian and Byzantine–Arab Wars. After the Komnenian restoration briefly re-established dominance in the 12th century, the Empire slipped into a long decline, with the Byzantine–Ottoman Wars culminating in the Fall of Constantinople and its remaining territories to the Muslim Ottoman Turks in the 15th century.